Most Tokyo news nishikie were affiliated with newspapers. The papers came first, the nishikie later.

How closely Tokyo's "newspaper nishikie" were affiliated with their namesake papers is difficult to say -- "namesake" rather than "parent" because, despite their apparent affiliations, the nishikie were the province of woodblock publishers, not the newspaper companies.

The idea to produce a nishikie edition of stories selected from Tokyo nichinichi shinbun may have come from the publisher Gusokuya, not withstanding the fact that Ochiai Yoshiiku and Jono Denpei, its drawer and one of its principle writers, were not only employees but founders of the namesake paper. As entrepreneurs, they would certainly have recognized the publicity value of a nishikie bearing their paper's name. Yet they were more than businessmen.

While formally employed at Nipposha, the company set up to publish Tonichi, both Yoshiiku and Jono had creative appetites that could not be satisfied by their routine work at the newspaper. Ono Hideo observes that, during the first two years after launching Tonichi, Yoshiiku and Jono were too busy to engage in their "primary professions" (honshoku), meaning their callings as drawer and writer. He bases this perception on the content of the inaugural issue of the Tokyo nichinichi shinbun nishikie, which alludes to how anxious Yoshiiku is to spend less time operating a letter press and more time enlightening people with his drawings of stories narrated by writers like Jono. (Ono 1972:8-9).

Whoever came up with the idea for a nishikie edition of news, the publication of news nishikie probably did more to extend the lives of the publishers, drawers, carvers, printers, distributors, and sellers of woodblock prints -- all of whom must have worried their industry was facing extinction -- than they did to promote their namesake papers.

Whether a news nishikie bore the name of a newspaper (Tokyo pattern) or not (Osaka pattern), news nishikie were products of woodblock publishers who distributed them through their own and other ezoshiya (picture-book shops). And both affiliated and independent news nishikie disappeared as quickly as they came. Most of the newspapers, too, either didn't survive, were absorved by other papers, or underwent radical makeovers.

Founding

Ono Hideo, an reporter for Tokyo nichinichi shinbun before he became a scholar of journalism history and a collector and illuminator of news nishikie, notes that no records pertaining to its namesake nishikie remain in the company's archives, and that neither Jono nor Yoshiiku wrote anything about the origin of Tonichi's news nishikie. His only comments about its origins are gleaned from the inaugural edition which promoted what was to come.

Though the news nishikie known as Tokyo nichinichi shinbun bears the masthead of its newspaper namesake, it was a product of Gusokuya, a woodblock publisher. The idea to publish nishikie versions of Tonichi stories most likely germinated in the relaltionship between Jono the writer, Yoshiiku the drawer, and the publisher Gusokuya Kahee.

As a hanmoto (woodblock publisher), Gusokuya would have overseen the whole operation, from the choosing of a story to the drawing and writing, the showing of drafts to officials for permission to publish, the carving and printing, and finally the distribution to the wholesalers and shops, including some he may have owned, which sold woodblock prints, books, and other publications.

Hanmoto were like publishing companies today. They hired the craftsmen, and cut deals with popular drawers and writers. Though employed Yoshiiku, Sansantei Arindo, and Tentendo were employed by Tonichi, they were also free-lancers.

Takahashi Katsuhiko, after describing the the dynamics of the networking that went on within the woodblock publishers world, made this observation about the likelhood of the birth of news nishikie had the matter been left people outside this cozy and creative world (Takahashi 1992a:36-37):

Had [those who made the decision] been economy types (keizaijin), who differentiated themselves from the world in they [Jono, Yoshiiku, and Nishida others] lived alongside the hanmoto [publishers], those incredible flowers called newspaper nishikie may never have bloomed."

Takahashi, a novelist and art historian, knows that artistic creativity lies on the "culture type" side of the great divide.

Demise

News nishiki did not last long. The main rush was over in a couple of years. The last Tonichi nishikie was published at the end of 1875. The last one by Yoshiiku and Tentendo, who had gradually become the primary writer, replacing Sansantei Arindo (undoubtedly busy in his Jono Denpei personna), appeared in August.

The demise of Tonichi's nishikie was probably hastened by the fact that, in April 1874, Yoshiiku launched a paper called Kanayomi eiri shinbun, with Takabatake (Tentendo) as editor. The new paper was directed at people who needed help reading kanji, and as it became more popular, the two men must have become too busy to put out the nishikie.

Other things must have been going on that motivated Takabatake to leave Tonichi at the end of the year and join Yomiuri shinbun, which also aimed at kanji-challenged readers.

See Tokyo nichinichi shinbun (TNS) gallery for a table of data on the prints in this series.

These news nishikie were crude copies of Tonichi nishikie drawn by Yoshifuji. The banners and cupids were a bit larger and didn't show an issue number. Thicker lines were used to draw the figures, and a lot of the foreground and background details were omitted. The texts were playful rewrites, in cursive hiragana, of the stories on Yoshiiku's versions.

The "wa" is my tentative interpretation of a kanji written as kuchihen (口) plus shita (舌), a popular abbreviation of "wa" (話), simplifying gonben (言) to kuchihen (口). If just "wa" it would be "hanashi" (story, tale, talk). The same kanji, though, was sometimes used abbreviate "shi" (舐), meaning "neburu" or "nameru" (put down). Even if "shi" (put down) was intended as a possible graphic pun (signifying that the crude reproductions were intended as a put-down), "wa" would have been the expected and familiar reading, since "shinwa" (新話) was commonly used in the names of news nishikie and other publications, and there is no foundation for "shinshi" (新舐). (WW)

Founding

Unlike the Tokyo nichinichi shinbun nishikie, whose drawers and major writers were affiliated with it's namesake newspaper, there is no evidence of any direct exchange between the Yubin hochi shinbun nishikie and its namesake paper (Tsuchiya 1995:26).

Ono says bluntly that "Yoshiiku was a manager of Tokyo nichinichi but Yoshitoshi had no connection whatever with Yubin hochi shinbun, and merely drew nishikie in response to requests of Kinshodo [Kinshodo no motome ni ojite]" (Ono 1972:10).

See articles in the Articles section, and entries in the Media and Galleries sections, for other details about the YHS news nishikie series.

See Yubin hochi shinbun (YHS) gallery for a table of data on the prints in this series.

See Osaka News Nishikie under Articles for an overview of the Osaka genre of news nishikie.

"Kankyo" (government-permitted, licensed)" designation dropped from later issues. Earlier issues are called "shinbun" (news), later issues are called "zukai" (illustrations). Tsuchiya says the title changed from "Kankyo kanzen choaku nishikiga shinbun" to "Kanzen choaku nishikiga zukai" from No. 38, but No. 32 on this website already has "zukai", and No. 43 still has "kankyo", so the story on the title change is not complete. (1995:46, 48)

Features cherub-borne vertical banner on left side. Drawn by Hasegawa Sadanobu II. A few stories are retold from articles in Tokyo nichinichi shinbun, Yomiuri shinbun, and Yubin hochi shinbun by various writers. Variously published by Fujisei, Kinsei, and Yaozen. (Tsuchiya 1995:42)

A sick mother drowns herself, and her daughter attempts to follow her but is rescued. The same story is reported in Osaka Nichinichi Shinbun No. 254.

Features horizontal cherub-borne banner almost exactly like that of the Tokyo nichinichi shinbun nishikie. Drawn by Shigehiro, written by Ryuo (one known print is signed as Ryuo Gaishi), and published by Senden. Shigehiro and Ryuo teamed in the production of other story nishikie, like Toad Eats Snake, which tells a story dated Keio 4-6-28 (16 August 1868). Shigehiro and Ryuo may have been one and the same person. (Tsuchiya 1995:41-42)

Features a vertical cherub-borne banner in upper-right corner. Retold stories mostly from Yubin hochi shinbun, but sometimes from Yomiuri shinbun, and at least once from Tokyo nichinichi shinbun. Co-published by Kinki and Fujisei, then the largest ezoshiya in Osaka. Hasegawa Sadanobu II drew the pictures and wrote most of the stories. (Tsuchiya 1995:42)

Title cartouches are red-and-white flags of various designs. Alternatively published by Awabun and Sekiwa.

Awabun editions have series of light blue "bun" (文) characters running across a white band in middle of flag. Sekiwa has series of red circles across white band. (Tsuchiya 1995:40-41)

Many editions, however, do not have such marks, and the flag designs somewhat vary.

This group includes nishikiga (錦画) and nishikie (錦絵) varieties. The former was also probably read "nishikie".

Some issues in the following table are also known to have been published as Osaka nishikie shinbun. The prints are identical except for the wa (話) and the bun (聞).

Features a cherub-borne banner in the upper-right corner. Most are published by Awabun, a few by Sekiwa. Drawn by Sadanobu II, Sasaki Yoshitaki, and Kinoshita Hironobu II. Written by Yoshitaki and Daisuido Risho (Hasegawa Sadanobu II). (Tsuchiya 1995:41)

A few news nishikie were printed in Yokohama, Kyoto, Kagoshima, and a few other places other than Tokyo and Osaka.